![]() These cross-marks first appear in the late 15th or early 16th century. Ī diagram in the astronomical compendium by Johannes Kamateros (12th century) closely resembles the 11th-century forms shown above, with the Sun represented by a circle with a single ray, Jupiter by the letter zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, though without the cross-marks seen in modern versions of Mercury, Venus, Jupiter and Saturn. The symbol for Saturn in late Classical (4th & 5th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) mss. The symbols of Venus and Mars are also used to represent female and male in biology following a convention introduced by Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s. The modern planets with their traditional symbols and IAU abbreviations are: ![]() The International Astronomical Union (IAU) discourages the use of these symbols in modern journal articles, and their style manual proposes one- and two-letter abbreviations for the names of the planets for cases where planetary symbols might be used, such as in the headings of tables. The classical planets, their symbols, days and most commonly associated planetary metals are: The use of these symbols derives from Classical Greco-Roman astronomy, though their current shapes are a development of the 16th century. The symbols were also used in alchemy to represent the metals associated with the planets, and in calendars for their associated days. Graphical symbols used in astrology and astronomyĪ planet symbol or planetary symbol is a graphical symbol used in astrology and astronomy to represent a classical planet (including the Sun and the Moon) or one of the modern planets.
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